4  SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES TO COVER EXCEPTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND CLEANING OF ALL BAKERY EQUIPMENT, AS DEFINED IN SECTION 3.

4.27  DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BULK LIQUIDS, BULK INGREDIENTS AND BULK EDIBLE FATS HANDLING AND STORAGE EQUIPMENT

4.27.1 Specific Design Requirements for Returnable Drums, Portable Tanks, Truck Tanks, Railroad Car and Storage Tanks for Liquid Ingredients

4.27.1.1 Drums with a removable head shall be sealed by an effective locking device, and shall be tamper-resistant.

4.27.1.2 Openings for reusable drums shall be void of internal threads and the closures for these openings shall be of materials conforming to the provisions of Section 3.1.

4.27.1.3 Gaskets required for closure of drum openings shall be single service.

4.27.1.4 Tanks should be constructed of corrosion-resistant material or shall have a protective coating on product zone surfaces. Tanks of mild steel shall have a protective coating on product zone surfaces when ingredients may cause corrosion.

4.27.1.5 Storage tanks, truck tanks, and railroad car tanks shall be of welded construction.

4.27.1.6 There shall be no bracings, baffles, or heating coils inside the tank unless made of stainless steel and wash down design.

4.27.1.7 Tanks shall be completely drainable, and constructed to prevent buckle or sag.

4.27.1.8 Tanks shall be provided with an emptying port or discharge valve located to permit complete drainage. The valve or port shall be capped with a fitting, which complies with the requirements of Section 3.1. This port/valve shall be close-coupled and located below the lowest point in the tank.

4.27.1.9 Port or valves shall be of material and of internal design conforming to the provisions of Section 3.1, and shall be completely drainable and accessible.

4.27.1.10 All openings to the product zone, except air vents, including air connections and outlet valves, shall be sealed or provided with readily removable dust-tight closures or covers which will prevent entry of foreign material.

4.27.1.11 Access openings shall be provided for all tank compartments. Such openings shall be not less than 18 inches (460mm) in diameter, or not less than 15 inches by 20 inches (380mm by 500mm) if oval, and shall have external rims raised not less than 1 inch (25mm). Covers without raised internal reinforcing shall be provided, and shall be hinged and equipped with a quick-opening device. Any angular depression in the rim or cover shall be self-draining to the outside. Access openings shall not be encumbered by the installation of screen holders or fittings for any accessory, which would interfere with accessibility. If the covers are of the swing-in type, they shall also swing outside and be readily accessible.

4.27.2 Specific Design Requirements for Piping and Hose for Liquid Products

4.27.2.1 Discharge piping and unloading hoses shall be fabricated from materials which are non-toxic, non-absorbent, corrosion-resistant and smooth, and shall not affect or be affected by product and/or ordinary cleaning compounds. All surfaces shall be accessible. Unloading hoses shall have a 3- inch (75mm) minimum diameter and shall not exceed 10 feet (3 meters) in length. Multiple sections may be used.

4.27.2.2 Unloading hose couplings shall be of corrosion-resistant material and shall be of the threadless clamp-type or other sanitary-type fitting.

4.27.2.3 Unloading hose shall have the ends closed when not in use, and shall be stored in an enclosed space which is readily accessible and completely drainable. This enclosure shall be open at both ends for cleaning and inspection. These openings shall be equipped with readily removable dust-tight covers.

4.27.2.4 Piping from single or multiple compartment tanks shall be installed with take-apart or threadless flange connections, to and from pump, valves or other accessories.

4.27.2.5 Pipe connections shall be welded into place and ground flush on the interior, and shall contain no internal threads.

4.27.2.6 Distribution piping should be designed so that it may be continuously filled with the product, and shall comply with Sections 3.1 and 3.2.

4.27.2.7 Piping shall be designed and arranged so that no traps, pockets, laterals or take-offs are formed which may retain the product or cleaning compounds.

4.27.2.8 Pipe runs shall be provided with wash-out openings so located as to permit effective cleaning, unless pipe runs are part of the C.I.P. cleaning system.

4.27.2.9 The emptying outlet shall be located at the lowest point in the piping system so that the system may be completely drained.

4.27.2.10 Clean-in-place systems shall conform to Section 2.7. Equipment disassembly procedures shall be provided by manufacturer for the clean-in-place and clean-out of-place equipment.

4.27.2.11 Tank filling pipes shall be provided with locking-type caps and the pipes and caps shall be made of corrosion-resistant material.

4.27.2.12 Pressure control tanks shall not be used.

4.27.2.13 Piping running through walls, ceilings or floors shall be installed so that all joints are located at least 12 inches (300mm) from the surface opening through which it runs.

4.27.2.14 Slip-on flanges shall be welded at the neck and at the flange surface, then finished to provide a smooth surface.

4.27.2.15 Screwed flanges shall have the pipe thread extend through the flange and then finished flush with the flange surface.

4.27.2.16 Welded joints shall have weld penetration through the joint wall so that there will be no crack or crevice at the interior of the joint. The interior of the joint shall be smooth.

4.27.2.17 Mechanical joints with or without gaskets shall be so designed and constructed that the joint will form a flush interior.

4.27.2.18 Piping which connects the terminal valve to the point of use shall be readily removable, and constructed of corrosion-resistant material.

4.27.3 Specific Design Requirements for Agitators and Shafts

4.27.3.1 Agitators permanently mounted through a bridge are not required to be removable if they do not interfere with drainage from the tank and are accessible. Drip protection shall be provided to prevent lubrication from entering the product zone.

4.27.3.2 Agitator motors should be equipped with permanently lubricated bearings. Where lubrication is required, the design and construction shall be such that lubrication cannot leak, drip, or be forced into the product zone.

4.27.4 Specific Design Requirements for Pumps

4.27.4.1 All product zone surfaces shall meet the requirements of Section 3.1.12 except those angles which are required for proper mechanical functioning , provided those angles are not less than 1/32 inch (0.8mm) radius and are cleanable.

4.27.4.2 Pressure relief valves used with pumps shall vent to the atmosphere or back to the pump suction.

4.27.4.3 Wing nuts or similar quick-opening devices should be used.

4.27.4.4 Pump ports shall be accessible.

4.27.4.5 Pumps shall be completely drainable when face plate is removed.

4.27.5 Specific Design Requirements for Accessory Equipment

4.27.5.1 Protective devices, such as strainers, filters, check valves and pressure control valves shall be accessible.

4.27.5.2 Thermometer or control openings in the cover or bridge to which connections are not permanently attached, shall be flanged upward at least 4 inches (10mm). All sanitary pipelines entering through cover or bridge shall be fitted with a sanitary umbrella deflector that overlaps edges of openings through cover. Thermometer connections shall conform to Section 4.27.2.5.

4.27.5.3 The product zone surfaces of heat exchangers shall be accessible.

4.27.5.4 Meters shall conform to the requirements of Section 4.26.